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IntelligentOptimization（智能优化）

IntelligentOptimization（智能优化）

分享

作者: 李长河著

出版社: 中国地质大学出版社

出版时间: 2022-04

版次: 1

ISBN: 9787562552307

定价: 58.00

装帧: 平装

开本: 其他

页数: 370页

字数: 621.000千字

正文语种: 英语

分类: 工程技术

全书分两部分，第一部分介绍基本的智能优化方法，包括传统的启发式搜索算法以及以演化算法为代表的群智能搜索方法；第二部分介绍演化优化领域常见的优化问题，包括多模优化，多目标优化，约束优化，动态优化，鲁棒优化等，以及实际生产生活中的优化实例。与国内外同类书籍相比，本教材有如下特点：1、知识体系更加全面，内容覆盖面广，囊括了演化优化领域大多数的方法和问题。2、知识点新，展现智能优化的发展过程与趋势，选用了当前该领域近期新的研究成果。3、注重基础知识，突出学术性，提炼各个研究方向的关键科学难题及求解方法。4、强调实际应用，在本书第二部分提供了丰富的实际优化应用场景。5、提供一个开放的实践平台，方便读者实际操作验证算法，开展实验。体现编写者的研究成果与特色，第二部分的各类优化求解均来自于编者研究成果。 Part I The Basics 1 1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (3)

1．1 Optimization and Machine Learning ???????????????????????????????????????? (3)

1．2 Optimization Problems ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (5)

1．2．1 Mathematical Formulation ????????????????????????????????????????????? (5)

1．2．2 Continuous Optimization versus Discrete Optimization ????????????????????? (6)

1．3 Optimization Algorithms?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (7)

1．3．1 Deterministic Algorithms and Probabilistic Algorithms ????????????????????? (8)

1．3．2 Intelligent Optimization Techniques ????????????????????????????????????? (9) 2 Fundamentals ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (11)

2．1 Fitness Landscapes??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (11)

2．1．1 Solution Space??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (12)

2．1．2 Objective Space?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (13)

2．1．3 Neighbourhood ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (13)

2．1．4 Global Optimum ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (14)

2．1．5 Local Optimum ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (14)

2．2 Properties of Fitness Landscape ???????????????????????????????????????????? (15)

2．2．1 Modality???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (16)

2．2．2 Ruggedness ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (16)

2．2．3 Deceptiveness ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (18)

2．2．4 Neutrality ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (19)

2．2．5 Separability ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (21)

2．2．6 Scalability ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (21)

2．2．7 Domino convergence ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (22)

2．2．8 Property Control ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (22)

2．3 Computational Complexity ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (23)

2．3．1 Complexity Measures????????????????????????????????????????????????? (23)

2．3．2 P Versus NP Problem ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (25)

3 Canonical Optimization Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????????? (27)

3．1 Numerical Optimization Algorithms ???????????????????????????????????????? (27)

3．1．1 Line Search ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (27)

3．1．2 Steepest Descent Method ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (30)

3．1．3 Newton Method?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (32)

3．1．4 Conjugate Gradient Method???????????????????????????????????????????? (34)

3．2 State Space Search ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (37)

3．2．1 State Space?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (39)

3．2．2 Uninformed Search ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (41)

3．2．3 Informed Search ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (45)

3．3 Single?solution?based Random Search ?????????????????????????????????????? (51)

3．3．1 Hill Climbing???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (52)

3．3．2 Simulated Annealing?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (53)

3．3．3 Iterated Local Search ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (54)

3．3．4 Variable Neighborhood Search ????????????????????????????????????????? (55) 4 Basics of Evolutionary Computation Algorithms ??????????????????????????????? (57)

4．1 Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (57)

4．1．1 Biological Evolution?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (57)

4．1．2 Origin of Evolutionary Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????? (59)

4．1．3 Basic Evolutionary Processes ?????????????????????????????????????????? (60)

4．1．4 Developments ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (62)

4．1．5 Related Resources???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (64)

4．2 Solution Representation??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (64)

4．2．1 Binary Representation ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (65)

4．2．2 Integer Representation ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (66)

4．2．3 Real?valued Representation ???????????????????????????????????????????? (67)

4．2．4 Tree Representation ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (67)

4．2．5 The Effect of Representation ??????????????????????????????????????????? (68)

4．3 Selection ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (69)

4．3．1 Parents Selection ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (70)

4．3．2 Survivor Selection???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (74)

4．3．3 Age?based Replacement??????????????????????????????????????????????? (74)

4．3．4 Fitness?based Replacement ???????????????????????????????????????????? (75)

4．3．5 Selection Pressure ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (75)

4．4 Reproduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (76)

4．4．1 Mutation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (76)

4．4．2 Recombination ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (79) 5 Popular Evolutionary Computation Algorithms ???????????????????????????????? (85)

5．1 Genetic Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (85)

5．1．1 Basic Principle and Framework ????????????????????????????????????????? (86)

5．1．2 Applications of Genetic Algorithms ????????????????????????????????????? (87)

5．2 Evolutionary Programming ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (87)

5．2．1 The Emerging of Evolutionary Programming ????????????????????????????? (87)

5．2．2 The Classical Evolutionary Programming ???????????????????????????????? (88)

5．2．3 Framework and Parameter Settings?????????????????????????????????????? (90)

5．2．4 Recent Advances in Evolutionary Programming ??????????????????????????? (91)

5．3 Genetic Programming ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (93)

5．3．1 Introduction ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (93)

5．3．2 Genotype?phenotype Mapping?????????????????????????????????????????? (95)

5．3．3 Other Genome Structures?????????????????????????????????????????????? (97)

5．3．4 Open Issues ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (99)

5．4 Particle Swarm Optimization ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (101)

5．4．1 The Arising of Particle Swarm Optimization ?????????????????????????????? (101)

5．4．2 Original Particle Swarm Optimization ??????????????????????????????????? (102)

5．4．3 Standard Particle Swarm Optimization ??????????????????????????????????? (104)

5．4．4 Recent Advances in Particle Swarm Optimization ????????????????????????? (106)

5．5 Differential Evolution ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (107)

5．5．1 Introduction of Differential Evolution???????????????????????????????????? (108)

5．5．2 Framework and Parameter Settings?????????????????????????????????????? (110)

5．5．3 Some Advances in Differential Evolution ???????????????????????????????? (111)

5．6 Evolution Strategy ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (114)

5．6．1 Basic Evolution Strategy Paradigm?????????????????????????????????????? (114)

5．6．2 Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy ????????????????????????? (116)

5．7 Estimation of Distribution Algorithm???????????????????????????????????????? (120)

5．7．1 Standard Procedures ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (121)

5．7．2 Discrete Versions????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (123)

5．7．3 Continuous Versions?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (125)

5．8 Ant Colony Optimization?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (126)

5．8．1 Biological Inspiration ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (127)

5．8．2 ACO framework ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (127)

5．8．3 ACO Variants ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (129)

5．8．4 Recent Advances????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (131)

6 Parameter Control and Policy Control???????????????????????????????????????? (133)

6．1 Parameter Control???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (133)

6．1．1 Unary Parameter Control ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (134)

6．1．2 Multi?parameter Control??????????????????????????????????????????????? (136)

6．1．3 Discussions ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (138)

6．2 Policy Control??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (138)

6．2．1 Operator Selection Control????????????????????????????????????????????? (139)

6．2．2 Hyper?heuristics ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (141)

6．2．3 Discussions ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (141) 7 Exploitation versus Exploration ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (143)

7．1 Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (143)

7．2 Exploitation and Exploration Methods??????????????????????????????????????? (144)

7．2．1 Iterative Methods ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (144)

7．2．2 Single?solution Meta?heuristics????????????????????????????????????????? (145)

7．2．3 Population?based Meta?heuristics ??????????????????????????????????????? (146)

7．3 Enhancing Exploration and Exploitation ????????????????????????????????????? (147)

7．3．1 Exploration Enhancement Methods?????????????????????????????????????? (147)

7．3．2 Exploitation Enhancement Methods ????????????????????????????????????? (149)

7．4 Balancing Exploration and Exploitation?????????????????????????????????????? (149)

7．4．1 Explicit Differentiation Methods???????????????????????????????????????? (150)

7．4．2 Population Diversity?driven Methods ???????????????????????????????????? (150)

7．4．3 Non?overlapping Multi?population Methods ?????????????????????????????? (151)

7．4．4 Space Partitioning?based Methods ?????????????????????????????????????? (151)

7．5 Discussions ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (151)

Part II Advanced Topics 153

8 Multi?modal Optimization ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (155)

8．1 Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (155)

8．2 Evolutionary Multi?modal Optimization ????????????????????????????????????? (156)

8．2．1 Niching Methods of Traditional EAs ???????????????????????????????????? (156)

8．2．2 Niching Methods of Emerging EAs ????????????????????????????????????? (159)

8．2．3 Other Evolutionary Niching Methods???????????????????????????????????? (160)

8．3 Challenges?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (161)

9 Multi?objective Optimization ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (163)

9．1 Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (163)

9．1．1 Basic Concepts ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (164)

9．1．2 Properties of PF?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (165)

9．2 Multi?objective Evolutionary Algorithms ???????????????????????????????????? (166)

9．2．1 Domination?based Algorithms?????????????????????????????????????????? (166)

9．2．2 Indicator?based Algorithms ???????????????????????????????????????????? (168)

9．2．3 Decomposition?based Algorithms??????????????????????????????????????? (169)

9．3 Performance Evaluation??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (171)

9．3．1 C Indicator?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (172)

9．3．2 Generational Distance????????????????????????????????????????????????? (172)

9．3．3 Maximum Spread ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (172)

9．3．4 Spacing????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (173)

9．3．5 Inverted Generational Distance ????????????????????????????????????????? (173)

9．3．6 Hypervolume ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (174)

9．4 Visualization in the Objective Space ???????????????????????????????????????? (175)

9．4．1 Visualization Using Original Values ????????????????????????????????????? (175)

9．4．2 Visualization Using Transformed Values ????????????????????????????????? (178)

9．4．3 Visualizing the Distribution Relation of Solution ?????????????????????????? (179)

9．5 Challenges?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (181)

10 Constrained Optimization ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (183)

10．1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (183)

10．2 Constraint?handling Techniques ??????????????????????????????????????????? (185)

10．2．1 Penalty Function ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (186)

10．2．2 Separation of Objectives and Constraints???????????????????????????????? (188)

10．2．3 Ensemble Methods ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (192)

10．3 Challenges and Future Directions?????????????????????????????????????????? (193)

11 Dynamic Optimization ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (195)

11．1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (195)

11．1．1 Basics of Changes??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (196)

11．1．2 Characteristics of Changes???????????????????????????????????????????? (197)

11．2 Dynamism Handling Methods????????????????????????????????????????????? (199)

11．2．1 Difficulties????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (199)

11．2．2 Dynamism Handling Strategies ???????????????????????????????????????? (201)

11．3 Benchmark Problems and Metrics for Dynamic Single?objective Optimization ???? (205)

11．3．1 Classical Problem Generators ????????????????????????????????????????? (205)

11．3．2 Performance Measures ??????????????????????????????????????????????? (209)

11．4 Benchmark Problems and Metrics for Dynamic Multi?objective Optimization ????? (210)

11．4．1 Classical Benchmark Problems ???????????????????????????????????????? (210)

11．4．2 Performance Measures ??????????????????????????????????????????????? (212)

11．5 Dynamic Constrained Optimization ???????????????????????????????????????? (214)

11．6 Challenges????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (215)

12 Robust Optimization ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (217)

12．1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (217)

12．2 Robust Optimization Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????????? (219)

12．2．1 Uncertainties in Decision Variables????????????????????????????????????? (219)

12．2．2 Uncertainties in Objective Function ???????????????????????????????????? (222)

12．2．3 Uncertainties in Environments????????????????????????????????????????? (223)

12．2．4 Uncertainties Over Time ????????????????????????????????????????????? (226)

12．3 Discussions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (228)

13 Large?scale Global Optimization ??????????????????????????????????????????? (229)

13．1 Large?scale Global Optimization Problems?????????????????????????????????? (229)

13．1．1 Definition?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (229)

13．1．2 Difficulties????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (230)

13．2 Co?evolution Methods ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (230)

13．2．1 Co?operative Co?evolution???????????????????????????????????????????? (231)

13．2．2 Static Grouping ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (231)

13．2．3 Dynamic Grouping ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (232)

13．3 Non?decomposition?based Methods???????????????????????????????????????? (234)

13．3．1 PSO?based Algorithms??????????????????????????????????????????????? (235)

13．3．2 EDA?based Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (235)

13．3．3 DE?based Algorithms???????????????????????????????????????????????? (236)

13．4 Learning?based Methods ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (236)

13．5 Discussions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (237)

14 Expensive Optimization ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (239)

14．1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (239)

14．1．1 Expensive Optimization Problems ????????????????????????????????????? (239)

14．1．2 Surrogate?assisted Evolutionary Algorithms ????????????????????????????? (240)

14．2 Surrogate Models ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (240)

14．2．1 Response Surface Methods ??????????????????????????????????????????? (240)

14．2．2 Gaussian Processes?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (241)

14．2．3 Artifi Neural Networks???????????????????????????????????????????? (243)

14．2．4 Radial Basis Function Networks ??????????????????????????????????????? (244)

14．2．5 Support Vector Machines????????????????????????????????????????????? (245)

14．2．6 Model Ensembles ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (245)

14．3 Model Management ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (246)

14．3．1 Model Management in Offline SAEAs?????????????????????????????????? (246)

14．3．2 Model Management in Online SAEAs ?????????????????????????????????? (247)

14．3．3 Infill Sampling Criterion ????????????????????????????????????????????? (250)

14．4 Discussions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (253)

15 Real?world Applications ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (255)

15．1 Antenna Design ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (255)

15．1．1 Antenna Basics ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (255)

15．1．2 Antenna Design Problems ???????????????????????????????????????????? (262)

15．1．3 Case Studies ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (264)

15．2 Vehicle Routing ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (269)

15．2．1 Basics of the Vehicle Routing Problem?????????????????????????????????? (270)

15．2．2 Variants of the Vehicle Routing Problem ???????????????????????????????? (271)

15．2．3 Multi?objective VRP with Real?time Traffic Conditions???????????????????? (273)

15．2．4 Algorithm Framework and Results ????????????????????????????????????? (275)

15．3 Contamination Source Identification in Water Distribution Systems ????????????? (280)

15．3．1 Contamination Source Identification Problem ???????????????????????????? (281)

15．3．2 Adaptive Multi?population Algorithm ?????????????????????????????????? (283)

15．3．3 Experimental Results ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (285)

15．4 Games ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (287)

15．4．1 Applications???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (287)

15．4．2 A Simple Example of Real?time Strategy Game ?????????????????????????? (288)

References ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (293)

Appendices ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (325) A Mathematical Background?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (325)

A．1 Sets ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (325)

A．2 Function ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (327)

A．3 Vector ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (334)

A．4 Matrix??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (338)

A．5 Probability ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (342)

B Antenna Automation Desk?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (349)

B．1 Features of AAS ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (350)

B．2 The Framework of AAS ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (350) C Open Framework of Evolutionary Computation ???????????????????????????????? (354)

C．1 Features of OFEC ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (355)

C．2 Procedures of using OFEC ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (355)

C．3 Components of OFEC?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (358)

C．4 Implemented Algorithms and Problems ??????????????????????????????????? (360)

Index????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (365)
内容简介:
全书分两部分，第一部分介绍基本的智能优化方法，包括传统的启发式搜索算法以及以演化算法为代表的群智能搜索方法；第二部分介绍演化优化领域常见的优化问题，包括多模优化，多目标优化，约束优化，动态优化，鲁棒优化等，以及实际生产生活中的优化实例。与国内外同类书籍相比，本教材有如下特点：1、知识体系更加全面，内容覆盖面广，囊括了演化优化领域大多数的方法和问题。2、知识点新，展现智能优化的发展过程与趋势，选用了当前该领域近期新的研究成果。3、注重基础知识，突出学术性，提炼各个研究方向的关键科学难题及求解方法。4、强调实际应用，在本书第二部分提供了丰富的实际优化应用场景。5、提供一个开放的实践平台，方便读者实际操作验证算法，开展实验。体现编写者的研究成果与特色，第二部分的各类优化求解均来自于编者研究成果。
目录:
Part I The Basics 1 1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (3)

1．1 Optimization and Machine Learning ???????????????????????????????????????? (3)

1．2 Optimization Problems ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (5)

1．2．1 Mathematical Formulation ????????????????????????????????????????????? (5)

1．2．2 Continuous Optimization versus Discrete Optimization ????????????????????? (6)

1．3 Optimization Algorithms?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (7)

1．3．1 Deterministic Algorithms and Probabilistic Algorithms ????????????????????? (8)

1．3．2 Intelligent Optimization Techniques ????????????????????????????????????? (9) 2 Fundamentals ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (11)

2．1 Fitness Landscapes??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (11)

2．1．1 Solution Space??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (12)

2．1．2 Objective Space?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (13)

2．1．3 Neighbourhood ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (13)

2．1．4 Global Optimum ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (14)

2．1．5 Local Optimum ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (14)

2．2 Properties of Fitness Landscape ???????????????????????????????????????????? (15)

2．2．1 Modality???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (16)

2．2．2 Ruggedness ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (16)

2．2．3 Deceptiveness ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (18)

2．2．4 Neutrality ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (19)

2．2．5 Separability ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (21)

2．2．6 Scalability ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (21)

2．2．7 Domino convergence ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (22)

2．2．8 Property Control ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (22)

2．3 Computational Complexity ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (23)

2．3．1 Complexity Measures????????????????????????????????????????????????? (23)

2．3．2 P Versus NP Problem ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (25)

3 Canonical Optimization Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????????? (27)

3．1 Numerical Optimization Algorithms ???????????????????????????????????????? (27)

3．1．1 Line Search ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (27)

3．1．2 Steepest Descent Method ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (30)

3．1．3 Newton Method?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (32)

3．1．4 Conjugate Gradient Method???????????????????????????????????????????? (34)

3．2 State Space Search ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (37)

3．2．1 State Space?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (39)

3．2．2 Uninformed Search ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (41)

3．2．3 Informed Search ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (45)

3．3 Single?solution?based Random Search ?????????????????????????????????????? (51)

3．3．1 Hill Climbing???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (52)

3．3．2 Simulated Annealing?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (53)

3．3．3 Iterated Local Search ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (54)

3．3．4 Variable Neighborhood Search ????????????????????????????????????????? (55) 4 Basics of Evolutionary Computation Algorithms ??????????????????????????????? (57)

4．1 Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (57)

4．1．1 Biological Evolution?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (57)

4．1．2 Origin of Evolutionary Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????? (59)

4．1．3 Basic Evolutionary Processes ?????????????????????????????????????????? (60)

4．1．4 Developments ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (62)

4．1．5 Related Resources???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (64)

4．2 Solution Representation??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (64)

4．2．1 Binary Representation ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (65)

4．2．2 Integer Representation ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (66)

4．2．3 Real?valued Representation ???????????????????????????????????????????? (67)

4．2．4 Tree Representation ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (67)

4．2．5 The Effect of Representation ??????????????????????????????????????????? (68)

4．3 Selection ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (69)

4．3．1 Parents Selection ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (70)

4．3．2 Survivor Selection???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (74)

4．3．3 Age?based Replacement??????????????????????????????????????????????? (74)

4．3．4 Fitness?based Replacement ???????????????????????????????????????????? (75)

4．3．5 Selection Pressure ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (75)

4．4 Reproduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (76)

4．4．1 Mutation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (76)

4．4．2 Recombination ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (79) 5 Popular Evolutionary Computation Algorithms ???????????????????????????????? (85)

5．1 Genetic Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (85)

5．1．1 Basic Principle and Framework ????????????????????????????????????????? (86)

5．1．2 Applications of Genetic Algorithms ????????????????????????????????????? (87)

5．2 Evolutionary Programming ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (87)

5．2．1 The Emerging of Evolutionary Programming ????????????????????????????? (87)

5．2．2 The Classical Evolutionary Programming ???????????????????????????????? (88)

5．2．3 Framework and Parameter Settings?????????????????????????????????????? (90)

5．2．4 Recent Advances in Evolutionary Programming ??????????????????????????? (91)

5．3 Genetic Programming ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (93)

5．3．1 Introduction ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (93)

5．3．2 Genotype?phenotype Mapping?????????????????????????????????????????? (95)

5．3．3 Other Genome Structures?????????????????????????????????????????????? (97)

5．3．4 Open Issues ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (99)

5．4 Particle Swarm Optimization ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (101)

5．4．1 The Arising of Particle Swarm Optimization ?????????????????????????????? (101)

5．4．2 Original Particle Swarm Optimization ??????????????????????????????????? (102)

5．4．3 Standard Particle Swarm Optimization ??????????????????????????????????? (104)

5．4．4 Recent Advances in Particle Swarm Optimization ????????????????????????? (106)

5．5 Differential Evolution ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (107)

5．5．1 Introduction of Differential Evolution???????????????????????????????????? (108)

5．5．2 Framework and Parameter Settings?????????????????????????????????????? (110)

5．5．3 Some Advances in Differential Evolution ???????????????????????????????? (111)

5．6 Evolution Strategy ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (114)

5．6．1 Basic Evolution Strategy Paradigm?????????????????????????????????????? (114)

5．6．2 Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy ????????????????????????? (116)

5．7 Estimation of Distribution Algorithm???????????????????????????????????????? (120)

5．7．1 Standard Procedures ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (121)

5．7．2 Discrete Versions????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (123)

5．7．3 Continuous Versions?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (125)

5．8 Ant Colony Optimization?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (126)

5．8．1 Biological Inspiration ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (127)

5．8．2 ACO framework ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (127)

5．8．3 ACO Variants ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (129)

5．8．4 Recent Advances????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (131)

6 Parameter Control and Policy Control???????????????????????????????????????? (133)

6．1 Parameter Control???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (133)

6．1．1 Unary Parameter Control ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (134)

6．1．2 Multi?parameter Control??????????????????????????????????????????????? (136)

6．1．3 Discussions ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (138)

6．2 Policy Control??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (138)

6．2．1 Operator Selection Control????????????????????????????????????????????? (139)

6．2．2 Hyper?heuristics ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (141)

6．2．3 Discussions ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (141) 7 Exploitation versus Exploration ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (143)

7．1 Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (143)

7．2 Exploitation and Exploration Methods??????????????????????????????????????? (144)

7．2．1 Iterative Methods ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (144)

7．2．2 Single?solution Meta?heuristics????????????????????????????????????????? (145)

7．2．3 Population?based Meta?heuristics ??????????????????????????????????????? (146)

7．3 Enhancing Exploration and Exploitation ????????????????????????????????????? (147)

7．3．1 Exploration Enhancement Methods?????????????????????????????????????? (147)

7．3．2 Exploitation Enhancement Methods ????????????????????????????????????? (149)

7．4 Balancing Exploration and Exploitation?????????????????????????????????????? (149)

7．4．1 Explicit Differentiation Methods???????????????????????????????????????? (150)

7．4．2 Population Diversity?driven Methods ???????????????????????????????????? (150)

7．4．3 Non?overlapping Multi?population Methods ?????????????????????????????? (151)

7．4．4 Space Partitioning?based Methods ?????????????????????????????????????? (151)

7．5 Discussions ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (151)

Part II Advanced Topics 153

8 Multi?modal Optimization ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (155)

8．1 Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (155)

8．2 Evolutionary Multi?modal Optimization ????????????????????????????????????? (156)

8．2．1 Niching Methods of Traditional EAs ???????????????????????????????????? (156)

8．2．2 Niching Methods of Emerging EAs ????????????????????????????????????? (159)

8．2．3 Other Evolutionary Niching Methods???????????????????????????????????? (160)

8．3 Challenges?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (161)

9 Multi?objective Optimization ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (163)

9．1 Introduction????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (163)

9．1．1 Basic Concepts ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (164)

9．1．2 Properties of PF?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (165)

9．2 Multi?objective Evolutionary Algorithms ???????????????????????????????????? (166)

9．2．1 Domination?based Algorithms?????????????????????????????????????????? (166)

9．2．2 Indicator?based Algorithms ???????????????????????????????????????????? (168)

9．2．3 Decomposition?based Algorithms??????????????????????????????????????? (169)

9．3 Performance Evaluation??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (171)

9．3．1 C Indicator?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (172)

9．3．2 Generational Distance????????????????????????????????????????????????? (172)

9．3．3 Maximum Spread ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (172)

9．3．4 Spacing????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (173)

9．3．5 Inverted Generational Distance ????????????????????????????????????????? (173)

9．3．6 Hypervolume ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (174)

9．4 Visualization in the Objective Space ???????????????????????????????????????? (175)

9．4．1 Visualization Using Original Values ????????????????????????????????????? (175)

9．4．2 Visualization Using Transformed Values ????????????????????????????????? (178)

9．4．3 Visualizing the Distribution Relation of Solution ?????????????????????????? (179)

9．5 Challenges?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (181)

10 Constrained Optimization ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (183)

10．1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (183)

10．2 Constraint?handling Techniques ??????????????????????????????????????????? (185)

10．2．1 Penalty Function ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? (186)

10．2．2 Separation of Objectives and Constraints???????????????????????????????? (188)

10．2．3 Ensemble Methods ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (192)

10．3 Challenges and Future Directions?????????????????????????????????????????? (193)

11 Dynamic Optimization ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (195)

11．1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (195)

11．1．1 Basics of Changes??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (196)

11．1．2 Characteristics of Changes???????????????????????????????????????????? (197)

11．2 Dynamism Handling Methods????????????????????????????????????????????? (199)

11．2．1 Difficulties????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (199)

11．2．2 Dynamism Handling Strategies ???????????????????????????????????????? (201)

11．3 Benchmark Problems and Metrics for Dynamic Single?objective Optimization ???? (205)

11．3．1 Classical Problem Generators ????????????????????????????????????????? (205)

11．3．2 Performance Measures ??????????????????????????????????????????????? (209)

11．4 Benchmark Problems and Metrics for Dynamic Multi?objective Optimization ????? (210)

11．4．1 Classical Benchmark Problems ???????????????????????????????????????? (210)

11．4．2 Performance Measures ??????????????????????????????????????????????? (212)

11．5 Dynamic Constrained Optimization ???????????????????????????????????????? (214)

11．6 Challenges????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (215)

12 Robust Optimization ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (217)

12．1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (217)

12．2 Robust Optimization Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????????? (219)

12．2．1 Uncertainties in Decision Variables????????????????????????????????????? (219)

12．2．2 Uncertainties in Objective Function ???????????????????????????????????? (222)

12．2．3 Uncertainties in Environments????????????????????????????????????????? (223)

12．2．4 Uncertainties Over Time ????????????????????????????????????????????? (226)

12．3 Discussions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (228)

13 Large?scale Global Optimization ??????????????????????????????????????????? (229)

13．1 Large?scale Global Optimization Problems?????????????????????????????????? (229)

13．1．1 Definition?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (229)

13．1．2 Difficulties????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (230)

13．2 Co?evolution Methods ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (230)

13．2．1 Co?operative Co?evolution???????????????????????????????????????????? (231)

13．2．2 Static Grouping ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (231)

13．2．3 Dynamic Grouping ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (232)

13．3 Non?decomposition?based Methods???????????????????????????????????????? (234)

13．3．1 PSO?based Algorithms??????????????????????????????????????????????? (235)

13．3．2 EDA?based Algorithms ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (235)

13．3．3 DE?based Algorithms???????????????????????????????????????????????? (236)

13．4 Learning?based Methods ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (236)

13．5 Discussions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (237)

14 Expensive Optimization ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (239)

14．1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (239)

14．1．1 Expensive Optimization Problems ????????????????????????????????????? (239)

14．1．2 Surrogate?assisted Evolutionary Algorithms ????????????????????????????? (240)

14．2 Surrogate Models ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (240)

14．2．1 Response Surface Methods ??????????????????????????????????????????? (240)

14．2．2 Gaussian Processes?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (241)

14．2．3 Artifi Neural Networks???????????????????????????????????????????? (243)

14．2．4 Radial Basis Function Networks ??????????????????????????????????????? (244)

14．2．5 Support Vector Machines????????????????????????????????????????????? (245)

14．2．6 Model Ensembles ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (245)

14．3 Model Management ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (246)

14．3．1 Model Management in Offline SAEAs?????????????????????????????????? (246)

14．3．2 Model Management in Online SAEAs ?????????????????????????????????? (247)

14．3．3 Infill Sampling Criterion ????????????????????????????????????????????? (250)

14．4 Discussions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (253)

15 Real?world Applications ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (255)

15．1 Antenna Design ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (255)

15．1．1 Antenna Basics ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (255)

15．1．2 Antenna Design Problems ???????????????????????????????????????????? (262)

15．1．3 Case Studies ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (264)

15．2 Vehicle Routing ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (269)

15．2．1 Basics of the Vehicle Routing Problem?????????????????????????????????? (270)

15．2．2 Variants of the Vehicle Routing Problem ???????????????????????????????? (271)

15．2．3 Multi?objective VRP with Real?time Traffic Conditions???????????????????? (273)

15．2．4 Algorithm Framework and Results ????????????????????????????????????? (275)

15．3 Contamination Source Identification in Water Distribution Systems ????????????? (280)

15．3．1 Contamination Source Identification Problem ???????????????????????????? (281)

15．3．2 Adaptive Multi?population Algorithm ?????????????????????????????????? (283)

15．3．3 Experimental Results ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (285)

15．4 Games ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (287)

15．4．1 Applications???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (287)

15．4．2 A Simple Example of Real?time Strategy Game ?????????????????????????? (288)

References ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (293)

Appendices ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (325) A Mathematical Background?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (325)

A．1 Sets ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (325)

A．2 Function ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (327)

A．3 Vector ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (334)

A．4 Matrix??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (338)

A．5 Probability ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (342)

B Antenna Automation Desk?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (349)

B．1 Features of AAS ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (350)

B．2 The Framework of AAS ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (350) C Open Framework of Evolutionary Computation ???????????????????????????????? (354)

C．1 Features of OFEC ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (355)

C．2 Procedures of using OFEC ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (355)

C．3 Components of OFEC?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (358)

C．4 Implemented Algorithms and Problems ??????????????????????????????????? (360)

Index????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (365)

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