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学会提问（第11版）·英文版

作者: [美] M.尼尔·布朗（M. Neil Browne） , [美] 斯图尔特·M.基利（Stuart M. Keeley）

出版社: 清华大学出版社

出版时间: 2020-08

版次: 1

ISBN: 9787302533030

装帧: 其他

开本: 32开

纸张: 胶版纸

分类: 哲学心理学

7 张插图图片

40人买过

本书具有简明扼要、清楚易懂以及篇幅短小的特色。这本小书出色地完成了它的既定目标——传授批判性思考和提问的技能。40多年向学生传授批判性思维技能的经验也让我们确信，尽管学生们能力有差异、术业有专攻，只要我们用简单易懂的方法向他们传授批判性思维的技能，他们很快就能成功地将其应用于各种实践。在学以致用的过程中，他们的信心逐步增强，在重大社会问题和个人问题方面，他们做出理性抉择的能力也与日俱增，哪怕面对从前极少经历过的重大问题，他们也一样可以应对自如。虽然本书主要是从我们的课堂教学经验中总结出来的，但它的目标在于指导绝大多数人培养更佳的阅读和倾听习惯。对于它旨在培养的种种技能，任何一个不盲从、盲信的读者都需要将之拿来用作理性判断的基础。本书所反复强调的批判性问题可以提高我们的论证能力，不管我们受过的正规教育有多少。你在书里的收获，相信会大大出乎你的意料。 M.尼尔•布朗

博林格林州立大学（Bowling Green State University）的杰出经济学教授。获有托雷多大学法学博士学位和得克萨斯大学的博士学位。曾经合著7本书，并在专业期刊发表100余篇研究论文。曾被威斯康星大学、印第安纳大学、科罗拉多大学等几十所大学聘请，协助其培养教职员工的批判性思维技巧。他是《韩国批判性思维》期刊的编委会成员，还是“国际批判性思维大会”的主要发言人。2001年获博林格林州立大学“终生成就奖”，2002年获博林格林州立大学“杰出教学能力奖”，以及美国教育促进与支持委员会的“全国年度杰出教授”银牌奖章、“俄亥俄州年度杰出教授”等许多全国性和地方性的荣誉称号。近期为美国国家安全部、IBM公司、乐高公司、新加坡K2B国际公司、美国商学院联盟、美国空军研究院等众多机构及公司提供批判性思维的训练及咨询服务。

斯图尔特•M.基利

美国伊利诺伊大学心理学博士。现为美国博林格林州立大学心理学教授。

CHAPTER

1

The Benefit and Manner of Asking the

Right Questions 1

The Noisy, Confused World We Live in 1

Experts Cannot Rescue Us, Despite What They

Say 4

The Necessity of Relying on Our Mind 5

Critical Thinking to the Rescue 6

The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative

Thinking Styles 8

Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking 10

The Importance of Practice 12

Critical Thinking and Other People 12

Values and Other People 12

Primary Values of a Critical Thinker 14

Keeping the Conversation Going 16

Creating a Friendly Environment for

Communication 19

CHAPTER

2

Speed Bumps Interfering with Your Critical

Thinking 20

The Discomfort of Asking the Right Questions 21

Thinking Too Quickly 21

Stereotypes 22

Mental Habits That Betray Us 23

Halo Effect 24

Belief Perseverance 24

Availability Heuristic 26

Answering the Wrong Question 27

Egocentrism 28

Wishful Thinking: Perhaps the Biggest Single Speed

Bump on the Road to Critical Thinking 29

CHAPTER 3 What Are the Issue and the Conclusion? 33

Kinds of Issues 34

Searching for the Issue 36

Searching for the Author’s or Speaker’s

Conclusion 37

Using This Critical Question 39

Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion 39

Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 40

Narrowing Your Issue Prior to Writing 41

Cluing Your Reader into Your Conclusion 42

Practice Exercises 42

Sample Responses 44

CHAPTER 4 What Are the Reasons? 47

Initiating the Questioning Process 50

Words That Identify Reasons 52

Kinds of Reasons 52

Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight 53

Using This Critical Question 54

Reasons First, Then Conclusions 54

Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 55

Exploring Possible Reasons before Reaching

a

Conclusion 55

Identify Major Publications That Cover Your

Issue 56

Helping Your Readers Identify Your Reasons 57

Practice Exercises 57

Sample Responses 59

What Words or Phrases Are

Ambiguous? 62

The Confusing Flexibility of Words 63

Locating Key Terms and Phrases 64

Checking for Ambiguity 67

Using This Critical Question 67

Determining Ambiguity 68

Context and Ambiguity 70

Using This Critical Question 72

Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary 72

Ambiguity and Loaded Language 75

Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity 76

Ambiguity and Your Own Writing and Speaking 77

CHAPTER

5

Keeping Your Eye Out for Ambiguity 77

Practice Exercises 79

Sample Responses 80

CHAPTER

6

What Are the Value and Descriptive

Assumptions? 84

General Guide for Identifying Assumptions 87

Value Conflicts and Assumptions 88

From Values to Value Assumptions 89

Typical Value Conflicts 91

The Communicator’s Background as a Clue to Value

Assumptions 92

Consequences as Clues to Value Assumptions 92

More Hints for Finding Value Assumptions 94

The Value of Knowing the Value Priorities of

Others 95

Using This Critical Question 96

Values and Relativism 96

Identifying and Evaluating Descriptive

Assumptions 97

Illustrating Descriptive Assumptions 97

Common Descriptive Assumptions 100

Clues for Locating Assumptions 101

Avoiding Analysis of Trivial Assumptions 103

Assumptions and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 104

Practice Exercises 106

Sample Responses 108

CHAPTER

7

CHAPTER

8

Are There Any Fallacies in the

Reasoning? 110

A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning

Fallacies 112

Evaluating Assumptions as a Starting Point 114

Discovering Other Common Reasoning

Fallacies 116

Looking for Diversions 123

Sleight of Hand: Begging the Question 126

Using This Critical Question 127

Summary of Reasoning Errors 127

Expanding Your Knowledge of Fallacies 128

Practice Exercises 128

Sample Responses 130

How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal

Experience, Case Examples, Testimonials,

and Appeals to Authority? 133

The Need for Evidence 134

Locating Factual Claims 136

Sources of Evidence 137

Intuition as Evidence 139

Personal Experience as Evidence 140

Case Examples as Evidence 141

Testimonials as Evidence 143

Appeals to Authority as Evidence 145

Using This Critical Question 149

Your Academic Writing and Evidence 149

Practice Exercises 150

Sample Responses 152

CHAPTER

9

How Good Is the Evidence: Personal

Observation, Research Studies, and

Analogies? 153

Personal Observation as Evidence 153

Research Studies as Evidence 154

General Problems with Research Findings 156

Generalizing from the Research Sample 162

Generalizing from the Research Measures 164

Biased Surveys and Questionnaires 166

Analogies as Evidence 169

Identifying and Comprehending Analogies 170

Evaluating Analogies 171

When You Can Most Trust Expert Opinion 174

Research and the Internet 176

Practice Exercises 178

Sample Responses 179

CHAPTER 10

Are There Rival Causes? 181

When to Look for Rival Causes 182

The Pervasiveness of Rival Causes 183

Detecting Rival Causes 185

The Cause or a Cause 185

Multiple Perspectives as a Guide to Rival

Causes 187

Rival Causes for Differences Between Groups 188

Confusing Causation with Association 190

Confusing “After This” with “Because of This” 192

Explaining Individual Events or Acts 193

Evaluating Rival Causes 194

Rival Causes and Your Own Communication 195

Exploring Potential Causes 196

Practice Exercises 197

Sample Responses 199

CHAPTER 11 Are the Statistics Deceptive? 201

Unknowable and Biased Statistics 203

Confusing Averages 204

Concluding One Thing, Proving Another 207

Deceiving by Omitting Information 208

Using Statistics in Your Writing 210

Practice Exercises 211

Sample Responses 212

CHAPTER 12

What Significant Information Is Omitted?

215

The Benefits of Detecting Omitted Information 216

The Certainty of Incomplete Reasoning 217

Questions That Identify Omitted Information 219

But We Need to Know the Numbers 220

The Importance of the Negative View 223

Omitted Information That Remains Missing 225

Using This Critical Question 225

Practice Exercises 225

Sample Responses 227

CHAPTER 13

What Reasonable Conclusions Are

Possible? 229

Dichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering

Multiple Conclusions 230

Two Sides or Many? 232

Productivity of If-Clauses 233

The Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative

Conclusions 234

Summary 235

Practice Exercises 236

Sample Responses 237

Final Word 238

Index 240
内容简介:
本书具有简明扼要、清楚易懂以及篇幅短小的特色。这本小书出色地完成了它的既定目标——传授批判性思考和提问的技能。40多年向学生传授批判性思维技能的经验也让我们确信，尽管学生们能力有差异、术业有专攻，只要我们用简单易懂的方法向他们传授批判性思维的技能，他们很快就能成功地将其应用于各种实践。在学以致用的过程中，他们的信心逐步增强，在重大社会问题和个人问题方面，他们做出理性抉择的能力也与日俱增，哪怕面对从前极少经历过的重大问题，他们也一样可以应对自如。虽然本书主要是从我们的课堂教学经验中总结出来的，但它的目标在于指导绝大多数人培养更佳的阅读和倾听习惯。对于它旨在培养的种种技能，任何一个不盲从、盲信的读者都需要将之拿来用作理性判断的基础。本书所反复强调的批判性问题可以提高我们的论证能力，不管我们受过的正规教育有多少。你在书里的收获，相信会大大出乎你的意料。
作者简介:
M.尼尔•布朗

博林格林州立大学（Bowling Green State University）的杰出经济学教授。获有托雷多大学法学博士学位和得克萨斯大学的博士学位。曾经合著7本书，并在专业期刊发表100余篇研究论文。曾被威斯康星大学、印第安纳大学、科罗拉多大学等几十所大学聘请，协助其培养教职员工的批判性思维技巧。他是《韩国批判性思维》期刊的编委会成员，还是“国际批判性思维大会”的主要发言人。2001年获博林格林州立大学“终生成就奖”，2002年获博林格林州立大学“杰出教学能力奖”，以及美国教育促进与支持委员会的“全国年度杰出教授”银牌奖章、“俄亥俄州年度杰出教授”等许多全国性和地方性的荣誉称号。近期为美国国家安全部、IBM公司、乐高公司、新加坡K2B国际公司、美国商学院联盟、美国空军研究院等众多机构及公司提供批判性思维的训练及咨询服务。

斯图尔特•M.基利

美国伊利诺伊大学心理学博士。现为美国博林格林州立大学心理学教授。
目录:
CHAPTER

1

The Benefit and Manner of Asking the

Right Questions 1

The Noisy, Confused World We Live in 1

Experts Cannot Rescue Us, Despite What They

Say 4

The Necessity of Relying on Our Mind 5

Critical Thinking to the Rescue 6

The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative

Thinking Styles 8

Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking 10

The Importance of Practice 12

Critical Thinking and Other People 12

Values and Other People 12

Primary Values of a Critical Thinker 14

Keeping the Conversation Going 16

Creating a Friendly Environment for

Communication 19

CHAPTER

2

Speed Bumps Interfering with Your Critical

Thinking 20

The Discomfort of Asking the Right Questions 21

Thinking Too Quickly 21

Stereotypes 22

Mental Habits That Betray Us 23

Halo Effect 24

Belief Perseverance 24

Availability Heuristic 26

Answering the Wrong Question 27

Egocentrism 28

Wishful Thinking: Perhaps the Biggest Single Speed

Bump on the Road to Critical Thinking 29

CHAPTER 3 What Are the Issue and the Conclusion? 33

Kinds of Issues 34

Searching for the Issue 36

Searching for the Author’s or Speaker’s

Conclusion 37

Using This Critical Question 39

Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion 39

Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 40

Narrowing Your Issue Prior to Writing 41

Cluing Your Reader into Your Conclusion 42

Practice Exercises 42

Sample Responses 44

CHAPTER 4 What Are the Reasons? 47

Initiating the Questioning Process 50

Words That Identify Reasons 52

Kinds of Reasons 52

Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight 53

Using This Critical Question 54

Reasons First, Then Conclusions 54

Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 55

Exploring Possible Reasons before Reaching

a

Conclusion 55

Identify Major Publications That Cover Your

Issue 56

Helping Your Readers Identify Your Reasons 57

Practice Exercises 57

Sample Responses 59

What Words or Phrases Are

Ambiguous? 62

The Confusing Flexibility of Words 63

Locating Key Terms and Phrases 64

Checking for Ambiguity 67

Using This Critical Question 67

Determining Ambiguity 68

Context and Ambiguity 70

Using This Critical Question 72

Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary 72

Ambiguity and Loaded Language 75

Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity 76

Ambiguity and Your Own Writing and Speaking 77

CHAPTER

5

Keeping Your Eye Out for Ambiguity 77

Practice Exercises 79

Sample Responses 80

CHAPTER

6

What Are the Value and Descriptive

Assumptions? 84

General Guide for Identifying Assumptions 87

Value Conflicts and Assumptions 88

From Values to Value Assumptions 89

Typical Value Conflicts 91

The Communicator’s Background as a Clue to Value

Assumptions 92

Consequences as Clues to Value Assumptions 92

More Hints for Finding Value Assumptions 94

The Value of Knowing the Value Priorities of

Others 95

Using This Critical Question 96

Values and Relativism 96

Identifying and Evaluating Descriptive

Assumptions 97

Illustrating Descriptive Assumptions 97

Common Descriptive Assumptions 100

Clues for Locating Assumptions 101

Avoiding Analysis of Trivial Assumptions 103

Assumptions and Your Own Writing and

Speaking 104

Practice Exercises 106

Sample Responses 108

CHAPTER

7

CHAPTER

8

Are There Any Fallacies in the

Reasoning? 110

A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning

Fallacies 112

Evaluating Assumptions as a Starting Point 114

Discovering Other Common Reasoning

Fallacies 116

Looking for Diversions 123

Sleight of Hand: Begging the Question 126

Using This Critical Question 127

Summary of Reasoning Errors 127

Expanding Your Knowledge of Fallacies 128

Practice Exercises 128

Sample Responses 130

How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal

Experience, Case Examples, Testimonials,

and Appeals to Authority? 133

The Need for Evidence 134

Locating Factual Claims 136

Sources of Evidence 137

Intuition as Evidence 139

Personal Experience as Evidence 140

Case Examples as Evidence 141

Testimonials as Evidence 143

Appeals to Authority as Evidence 145

Using This Critical Question 149

Your Academic Writing and Evidence 149

Practice Exercises 150

Sample Responses 152

CHAPTER

9

How Good Is the Evidence: Personal

Observation, Research Studies, and

Analogies? 153

Personal Observation as Evidence 153

Research Studies as Evidence 154

General Problems with Research Findings 156

Generalizing from the Research Sample 162

Generalizing from the Research Measures 164

Biased Surveys and Questionnaires 166

Analogies as Evidence 169

Identifying and Comprehending Analogies 170

Evaluating Analogies 171

When You Can Most Trust Expert Opinion 174

Research and the Internet 176

Practice Exercises 178

Sample Responses 179

CHAPTER 10

Are There Rival Causes? 181

When to Look for Rival Causes 182

The Pervasiveness of Rival Causes 183

Detecting Rival Causes 185

The Cause or a Cause 185

Multiple Perspectives as a Guide to Rival

Causes 187

Rival Causes for Differences Between Groups 188

Confusing Causation with Association 190

Confusing “After This” with “Because of This” 192

Explaining Individual Events or Acts 193

Evaluating Rival Causes 194

Rival Causes and Your Own Communication 195

Exploring Potential Causes 196

Practice Exercises 197

Sample Responses 199

CHAPTER 11 Are the Statistics Deceptive? 201

Unknowable and Biased Statistics 203

Confusing Averages 204

Concluding One Thing, Proving Another 207

Deceiving by Omitting Information 208

Using Statistics in Your Writing 210

Practice Exercises 211

Sample Responses 212

CHAPTER 12

What Significant Information Is Omitted?

215

The Benefits of Detecting Omitted Information 216

The Certainty of Incomplete Reasoning 217

Questions That Identify Omitted Information 219

But We Need to Know the Numbers 220

The Importance of the Negative View 223

Omitted Information That Remains Missing 225

Using This Critical Question 225

Practice Exercises 225

Sample Responses 227

CHAPTER 13

What Reasonable Conclusions Are

Possible? 229

Dichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering

Multiple Conclusions 230

Two Sides or Many? 232

Productivity of If-Clauses 233

The Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative

Conclusions 234

Summary 235

Practice Exercises 236

Sample Responses 237

Final Word 238

Index 240

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学会提问（第11版）·英文版

内容简介:

作者简介:

目录: